The number of particle kingdoms depends on the number of dimensions. The spin-statistics theorem proves that bosons and fermions are the only two possibilities in our three-dimensional world (unless you rethink what makes two particles identical). This has to do with the fact that in 3D, a particle can turn in a spiral, passing under its old path. Spirals aren’t possible on a 2D surface, where there isn’t a notion of “under.” As a result, new types of particles called anyons can exist in 2D, with behavior falling somewhere between that of bosons and fermions. And in one dimension, the distinction breaks down altogether. In such a world on a wire, bosons and fermions are like two different equations with the same solution: the two kingdoms are secretly one.
— Read on www.quantamagazine.org/matter-vs-force-why-there-are-exactly-two-types-of-particles-20250623/
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